Reading

MATERI KULIAH

4. Reading.

 

About a Economy :

 

UTILITY AND PRICES

 

Our basic needs are simple, but our additional individual wants are often very complex. Commodities of different kinds satisfy our wants in different ways. A banana, a bottle of medicine and a textbook satisfy very different wants. The banana cannot satisfy the same wants as the textbook.

 

This characteristic of satisfying a want is know in ecomics asits “utility”. Utility, however, should not be confused with usefulness. For example, a submarine may or may not be useful in time of peace, but it satisfies a wants. Many nations want submarines. Ecomists say that utility determines “the relationship between a consumer and a commodity”

 

Utility varies between different people and between different nations. A vegetarian does not want meat, but may rate the utility of bananas very highly. while a meat eater my prefer steak. A mountain – republic like switzerland has little interset in submarines, while maritime nations rate them highly.

 

Utility varies not only in relation to individual tastes and to geography, but also in relation to time. In wartime, the utility of boms is high , and the utility of pianos is low. Uitlity is therefore related to our decisoas about priorities in productions particularly economy. The production of pianos falls sharply in wartime.

 

The utility of a commodity is also related to the quantity which is avaiable to the consumer. If paper is freely avaiable, people wil not be so interested in buying too much of it. If there is an excess is paper, the relative demand for paper will go down. We can say that the utility of a commodity increases

Microsoft Powerpoint

MATERI KULIAH

 

4. Pengenalan Microsoft Powerpoint.

Merupakan salah satu program office yang digunakan untuk membuat suatu presentasi yang di dalamnya terdiri atas rangkaian slide yang sudah tersusun dan terangkum.

Writing

MATERI KULIAH

3. Writing.

Text :

”PRICES”

In most economic system, the prices of the majority of goods and services do not change over short periods of time. In some system if is cause possible for an individual to bargain over prices, because they are not fixed in advance. In general term, however, the individual cannot change the prices of the commodities he wants. When planning has expenditure, he must therefore accept these fixed prices.

he must also pay this same fixed price no matter how many units he buys. A consumer will go on buying bananas for as long as be continues to be satisfies. If he  money. With each successive purchase, however, his satisfaction ompensates less for the loss of money.

A point time comes when the financial sacrifice is greater than the satisfaction of eating bananas. The consumer will therefore stop buying bananas at the current price. The bananas are unchangesd, they are no better or worse. than before Their marainal utility to the consumer has, however, changed.If the price had been higher he might have bought fewer bananas, if the price had been lower, he might have bought more.

It is a learn from this argument text the nature of a commodity remains the same, but is utility changes this indicates that a special relationship exists bots on goods and services on the one hand, and a consumer and his money change other hand. The consumer’s desire for a commodity. Economists call this tendency the law of diminishing Marginal Utility.

Answer the Questions

ü   Prices are fixed in most economic system, but what is possible in some system ?

ü   Under what conditions will a consumer go on buying a commodity ?

ü   What does the consumer show buying more bananas?

ü   What happens with each successive purchase ?

What does a consumer desire trend to do ?

Microsoft Excel

MATERI KULIAH

         

            3. Pengenalan Microsoft Excel.

Merupakan suatu program (paket) pengolahan angka sistem operasi modus grafik yang dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan “Microsoft”, dan merupakan program spreadsheet (lembar kerja elektronik yang dapat memasukkan berbagai jenis data, seperti teks, nilai/angka, rumus,fungsi, tanggal dan jam.

Microsoft Word

MATERI KULIAH

 

2. Pengenalan Microsoft Word.

Merupakan suatu program (paket) pengolahan kata yang dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan “Microsoft”, dan dapat melakukan berbagai pekerjaan yang berhubungan dengan pengolahan teks.

Gambaran Umum Aplikasi Komputer

MATERI KULIAH

1. Gambaran Umum Aplikasi Komputer

1. 1. Pengertian Komputer.

Komputer adalah serangkaian / sekolompok mesin elektronik yang saling bekerja sama, serta dapat membentuk sebuah sistem kerja yang rapi dan teliti.

1. Perangkat – perangkat Komputer.

1. Perangkat keras (Hardware).

Merupakan peralatan fisik dari komputer yang dapat kita lihat dan rasakan.

2. Perangkat lunak (Software).

Merupakan  program-program komputer yang berguna untuk menjalankan suatu pekerjaan sesuai dengan yang dikehendaki.

3. User (Brainware).

Merupakan personil-personil yang terlibat langsung dalam pemakaian komputer.

1. Penggolongan Komputer.

Berdasarkan generasi :

1 (tahun 1946-1959).

2 (tahun 1960-1969).

3 (tahun 1966-1970).

4 (tahun 1971-sampai sekarang)

5 (pemanfaat teknologi Artificial Intelegence (AI))

Berdasarkan ukuran fisik

1. Desktop,
2. Laptop,
3. Portable,
4. Komputer,
5. Notebook,dll.

Berdasarkan jenis data yang diolah :

1. Computer Analog.

Adalah suatu jenis komputer yang biasa digunakan untuk mengolah data yang kualitatif  (tidak bersifat angka-angka). Contoh : Pengukur voltase Listrik.

1. Computer Digital.

Adalah suatu jenis komputer yang biasa digunakan untuk mengolah data kuantitatif (bersifat angka-angka).

Contoh : PC (Personel Computer).

1. Computer Hybird.

Adalah suatu jenis komputer yang biasa digunakan untuk mengolah data baik data kualitatif maupun data kuantitatif. Contoh : Facsimile.

Speaking and Listening

Materi Kuliah

1. Speaking.

Example :

1. Different of Like & Dislike (not Like)
2. Using a word “DO/DOES” and “DID” in a sentence.

 

2. Listening

(listening a text which read off by teacher)